The average tenure of a manager across Europe's top divisions last season was less than 16 months, according to a report by European governing body Uefa.
There were 735 top-flight dismissals across Europe in 2022-23, the second-highest on record.
The Premier League saw a record 15 changes of permanent manager.
According to the report, of the 1,209 serving top-flight managers across the continent less than 5% have been in their job five or more years.
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In their in-depth research document 'European Club Talent and Competition Landscape', Uefa says the average managerial tenure across 48 European top leagues in 2022-23 was 1.